Getting around Uzbekistan
Domestic air travel is a convenient option for covering long distances in Uzbekistan, particularly for travellers with limited time or those wishing to avoid lengthy road or rail journeys. Flights connect the capital, Tashkent, with major regional cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Urgench (for Khiva), Nukus, Termez and Fergana, making it easy to combine several destinations within one trip.
Uzbekistan Airways is the main domestic carrier and operates the majority of internal routes, with services generally reliable and reasonably priced. Aircraft are modern on most routes, and flight times are short, typically ranging from one to two hours depending on the destination.
Domestic airports are found in all major cities and are usually straightforward to navigate, though facilities can be basic outside Tashkent. Security checks are thorough, and passengers should allow sufficient time before departure. Tickets can be booked online, through airline offices, or via local travel agencies.
Travelling by road is a practical way to explore Uzbekistan. The country has an extensive road network linking major cities such as Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Fergana and Nukus. Road travel allows flexibility and access to historic sites, desert landscapes and mountain regions.
Fuel stations are widely available along main routes and in urban areas, though availability can be more limited in remote regions. Road signage is generally in Uzbek and Russian, with English appearing more frequently on major highways and near tourist centres. Travel times can be longer than expected due to traffic, checkpoints and varying road conditions.
Road quality in Uzbekistan varies. Major highways and routes connecting key cities are generally paved and in reasonable condition, with ongoing improvements in recent years. However, rural routes may be uneven, poorly maintained or affected by potholes. In addition, some desert and mountain roads may be affected by weather conditions, and seasonal access restrictions can apply in higher-altitude areas.
Night driving outside cities is not recommended due to limited lighting, livestock on roads and occasional hazards. Travellers should allow extra time for journeys and plan routes carefully.
Uzbekistan's road network consists of national highways linking major cities, regional roads connecting towns and districts, and local roads serving rural communities. National highways are usually sealed and signposted, while regional and local roads may be narrower and of lower quality.
Car hire is available in Tashkent and a small number of other major cities, though options are more restricted than in many European countries. Vehicles are usually hired with a driver, and self-drive rentals are less common.
Taxis are widely available in cities and towns and are an affordable way to get around. Most taxis are not metered, and fares are usually agreed in advance.
Ride-hailing apps operate in major cities, particularly in Tashkent, and are widely used by locals and visitors alike. These services offer fixed pricing and are generally reliable.
Cycling is possible in Uzbekistan but is not common as a mainstream mode of transport. Urban traffic, road conditions and limited cycling infrastructure can make city cycling challenging.
That said, cycling appeals to some adventurous travellers, particularly in rural areas, desert regions and parts of the Fergana Valley. Cyclists should be well prepared, visible, and self-sufficient.
Long-distance coaches and buses operate between major cities and regional centres and are widely used by locals. Services link destinations such as Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Urgench and the Fergana Valley.
Comfort and reliability vary by operator, with some modern coaches offering air conditioning and assigned seating, while others are more basic. Tickets are usually purchased at bus stations or through local agents.
Traffic drives on the right-hand side of the road. Speed limits are generally 60 km/h in urban areas, 90 km/h on open roads and up to 110 km/h on some highways, unless otherwise indicated.
Drink-driving laws are strictly enforced, with a zero-tolerance policy in practice. Seat belts must be worn where fitted, and mobile phone use while driving is prohibited unless hands-free.
Uzbekistan does not have a nationwide roadside assistance service. Travellers hiring vehicles should rely on their rental company or driver for breakdown support.
In rural areas, assistance may be limited, and basic repairs are often carried out locally. Carrying water, a charged mobile phone and basic emergency supplies is advisable.
Foreign drivers must carry a valid driving licence from their home country. An international driving permit is recommended and may be requested by authorities or rental companies.
Drivers should also carry passport identification and, if applicable, vehicle registration and insurance documents at all times.
Within cities, travel is commonly by taxi, bus, minibus or on foot for short distances. Tashkent has the most developed public transport system, including a metro network that is clean, efficient and inexpensive.
In other cities, buses and shared minibuses are the main forms of public transport, though services can be crowded during peak hours.
Uzbekistan has an extensive domestic rail network, which is one of the most efficient ways to travel between major cities. High-speed Afrosiyob trains operate on routes such as Tashkent–Samarkand–Bukhara, offering fast, comfortable and reliable travel.
Slower regional and overnight trains serve additional destinations, including Khiva and Nukus. Rail travel is popular and affordable, but advance booking is recommended, especially during peak travel periods.
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